Heat loss per metre and total loss for bare or insulated pipes using the cylindrical resistance model.
Pipe geometry
Set insulation thickness to 0 for a bare pipe (no insulation layer).
Temperatures
Materials
Outer surface convection
Thermal conductivity values at typical service temperatures. Insulation k increases with temperature — use manufacturer data for precise designs. The model assumes steady-state, no moisture ingress, and uniform insulation. Pipe wall resistance is negligible for metal pipes but included for completeness.
